Marion Barbara 'Joe' Carstairs. (Credit: Brooke/Getty Images)

How Coffee Fueled Revolutions—And Revolutionary Ideas

Two U.S. Navy BGM-109 Tomahawk Cruise Missiles

Wooden sign w. CAMP DAVID painted in white letters.

The Middle East is a large and diverse region composed of several countries and cultures in north Africa and western Asia. Its complex history includes the Persian Gulf War, the Iran Hostage Crisis, the Yom Kippur War, Zionism and more.

Middle East

The Middle East is a large and diverse region composed of several countries and cultures in north Africa and western Asia. Its complex history includes the Persian Gulf War, the Iran Hostage Crisis, the Yom Kippur War, Zionism and more.

Middle East Archives | History.com

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History

Great Britain

America’s Founding Fathers decided that one elected civilian - the U.S. president - would lead the executive branch of the federal government, a governmental structure that has remained in place for more than 200 years.

U.S. Presidents

World War I pitted Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire against Great Britain, the United States, France, Russia, Italy and Japan. New military technology resulted in unprecedented carnage. By the time the war was over and the Allied Powers claimed victory, more than 16 million people—soldiers and civilians alike—were dead.

World War I

<a href="http://www.christopherklein.com/">Christopher Klein</a> is the author of four books, including When the Irish Invaded Canada: The Incredible True Story of the Civil War Veterans Who Fought for Ireland’s Freedom and Strong Boy: The Life and Times of John L. Sullivan. His work has appeared in numerous publications, including The Boston Globe, The New York Times, and National Geographic Traveler. Follow Chris on Twitter <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.twitter.com_historyauthor&amp;d=DwMFaQ&amp;c=bHpC9irXhivtSwyVyKc43lLt4-cAwmmH7TeQLPqTb5E&amp;r=0ZpTu-He2V3GUI-VETMmkwm8-GyOWSyeMJXqt7G42KA&amp;m=K4QAG6bPcooItZtsSRYJId99sCdkkYnSQnbG55Y82ZU&amp;s=reHlmdZq8nMnpunXM6VDAaQCLeVwu9L3gbscryyWKD8&amp;e=">@historyauthor</a>.&nbsp;

Christopher Klein

Elizabeth Nix

Jesse Greenspan is a Bay Area-based freelance journalist who writes about history and the environment.

Jesse Greenspan

Erin Blakemore is a journalist from Boulder, Colorado.&nbsp;She has been a regular contributor to History.com since 2017.&nbsp;Her work has appeared in outlets like The Washington Post, National Geographic, The Atlantic, TIME, Smithsonian and more. Her book, The Heroine's Bookshelf (Harper), won the Colorado Book Award for nonfiction.&nbsp;Learn more about Erin and her work at <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__erinblakemore.com&amp;d=DwMFaQ&amp;c=bHpC9irXhivtSwyVyKc43lLt4-cAwmmH7TeQLPqTb5E&amp;r=DnM91hJ18gcNL3QDGSFbaxqDKqUNYha-dXU1EFEqguU&amp;m=vPjVNQxO2UQahvbDx5QSGrZIVauVoSVO87pq3BXU4VA&amp;s=W8vCeHoc9ruSMJuG1fABd_TkZyW3fO6FQrfzkcrWSik&amp;e=">erinblakemore.com</a>

Erin Blakemore

<a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__msbeckylittle.tumblr.com_&amp;d=DwMFaQ&amp;c=bHpC9irXhivtSwyVyKc43lLt4-cAwmmH7TeQLPqTb5E&amp;r=DnM91hJ18gcNL3QDGSFbaxqDKqUNYha-dXU1EFEqguU&amp;m=G-7sCRahZ4NeqUBMRIzpVYF_SWJZdHf6oZ3GZnosXWc&amp;s=zmyoc9Pijw9wmJOCBZEXDORhhj0TxUZKXRRMCwVGaTI&amp;e=">Becky Little</a> is a journalist based in Washington, D.C. Follow her on Twitter at <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__twitter.com_MsBeckyLittle&amp;d=DwMFaQ&amp;c=bHpC9irXhivtSwyVyKc43lLt4-cAwmmH7TeQLPqTb5E&amp;r=DnM91hJ18gcNL3QDGSFbaxqDKqUNYha-dXU1EFEqguU&amp;m=G-7sCRahZ4NeqUBMRIzpVYF_SWJZdHf6oZ3GZnosXWc&amp;s=vkbwVD5s79Na0AuPtG5PY8OTUvwTHP3BjHLGApztU4w&amp;e=">@MsBeckyLittle</a>.

Becky Little

Martin Stezano

Barbara Maranzani

Patrick J. Kiger has written for GQ, the Los Angeles Times, National Geographic, PBS NewsHour and Military History Quarterly. He's the co-author (with Martin J. Smith) of Poplorica: A Popular History of the Fads, Mavericks, Inventions, and Lore that Shaped Modern America.

Patrick J. Kiger

Hadley Meares is a historical journalist based in Los Angeles. Her work has appeared in outlets including Aeon, LA Weekly, LA Magazine, Curbed LA, LAist, and Atlas Obscura. She is also a historical tour guide in Los Angeles. You can find her recent work and upcoming appearances at <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__hadleymeares.com&amp;d=DwMCaQ&amp;c=bHpC9irXhivtSwyVyKc43lLt4-cAwmmH7TeQLPqTb5E&amp;r=DnM91hJ18gcNL3QDGSFbaxqDKqUNYha-dXU1EFEqguU&amp;m=6HL6JGblYZVgk8lYDaaTeX3vXD6riGzDO4x6pDdkWrI&amp;s=7Zh7xUGB3aERfa6DdlMLgcFyE60FWw0Pq3ZbvJcAVs8&amp;e=">hadleymeares.com</a>.

Hadley Meares

Jessica Pearce Rotondi is the author of <a href="http://bit.ly/WhatWeInherit">What We Inherit: A Secret War and a Family’s Search for Answers</a>.

Jessica Pearce Rotondi

Volker Janssen is a professor of California State University Fullerton who&nbsp;specializes in the social, economic, and institutional history of California.

Volker Janssen

Religion and spiritual issues, including Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, the Bible, Wicca, Buddhism and more, are at the core of human values and history.

Religion

History Reads

T.E. Lawrence

U.S. Navy

Space Exploration

Food

Iran

France, a large European nation with a diverse population, has a rich and fascinating history, including figures such as Napoleon Bonaparte, Louis XIV and Marie Antoinette, and epic events like the French Revolution.

France

Aviation

Iraq War

Knightfall

Mysterious History

The Revolutionary War waged by the American colonies against Britain influenced political ideas and revolutions around the globe, as a small fledgling nation won its freedom from the greatest military force of its time.

American Revolution

The Middle Ages, the medieval period of European history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance, are sometimes referred to as the "Dark Ages."

Middle Ages

British History

The Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union lasted for decades and resulted in anti-communist suspicions and international incidents that led the two superpowers to the brink of nuclear disaster.

Cold War

During the 1980s, conservative politics and Reaganomics held sway as the Berlin Wall crumbled, new computer technologies emerged and blockbuster movies and MTV reshaped pop culture.

Middle East ‑ Stories

How Coffee Fueled Revolutions—and Revolutionary Ideas

Six Reasons Why the Ottoman Empire Fell

How Jimmy Carter Brokered a Hard‑Won Peace Deal Between Israel and Egypt

The Surprising Interrogations That Led to Saddam Hussein’s Capture

U.S.‑Iran Tensions: From Political Coup to Hostage Crisis to Drone Strikes

Why Jews and Muslims Both Have Religious Claims on Jerusalem

Knights Templar Hot Spots in the Holy Land

7 Female Adventurers Who Broke All the Rules

What is a Tomahawk Missile?

How did Camp David gets its name?

10 Things You May Not Know About ‘Lawrence of Arabia’