Queen Elizabeth II was one of the most famous and admired people on Earth. As the nominal leader of the United Kingdom from 1952 to 2022—the country's longest-serving monarch—she exerted influence felt the world over. But despite such enormous impact, the Queen held no real power in British government—and nor does her successor, King Charles III. Instead, as the monarchy evolved over hundreds of years, the ruler's role has become largely symbolic.

For centuries, the English monarchy held a great deal of authority, but its history is full of challenges to that power and of concessions to nobles. Most famously, King John's signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 acknowledged that the monarchy's powers did have limits and, crucially, established that the crown could not levy taxes without the consent of a council of religious officials and feudal lords. That council of wealthy and powerful figures evolved into Parliament, which gradually took on a greater role as English people began to appeal to it to solve disputes and send representatives to petition it on their behalf.

Parliament’s role ultimately depended on how much power the monarch wanted to give it, and how much he or she needed Parliament’s support. King Charles I governed without Parliament for over a decade, setting into motion events that would end with his beheading and the abolition of the monarchy in 1649. Parliament then ruled without a king until the restoration of the monarchy in 1660.

In the Glorious Revolution of 1688, Parliament invited William II of Orange and his wife, Mary II, to invade England and depose King James II, who wanted absolute power. William and Mary then assented to the Bill of Rights, which legally required Parliament to be held regularly, granted full freedom of speech in Parliament and instituted various civil liberties. Britain does not have a single, written constitution like that of the United States, but foundational documents like the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights formally took power from the crown and gave it to Parliament.

Over time Parliament evolved into a true representative government, similar to the Congress of the United States. Its upper house, the House of Lords, consists of nobles and originally held nearly all of Parliament’s power, but over the centuries the lower house, the House of Commons, grew more powerful. By the 1700s, the Commons had obtained the sole right to initiate taxes, meaning that a legislative body consisting of elected officials—though most people still couldn’t vote—controlled the state’s purse.

The monarch retains the right to “invite” whomever he or she pleases to form a government, but this is a holdover from the time when “Prime Minister” was an informal way of referring to the Member of Parliament selected by the king or queen to lead proceedings.

For well over a century, the crown has always extended this “invitation” to the leader of the party that controls Parliament—the last time a British monarch tried to impose his preferred Prime Minister on Parliament was in 1834, and it didn’t work.

Likewise, the representative government is said to govern “in his name,” and his formal assent is still required for many of the functions of the state but for the monarch to criticize, impede, or fail to assent to the will of Parliament would be a violation of over a century of tradition.

The monarch remains the head of the British state, the highest representative of the United Kingdom on the national and international stage. The head of the British government, however, is the Prime Minister. One serves as a symbol of the country and the other serves as the chief executive of the government.

In his role as head of state, King Charles III addressed Britain’s Parliament on September 12, 2022, for the first time as sovereign. During her reign, Queen Elizabeth II gave a regular speech at the opening of each new Parliament and made official appearances and speeches on holidays and special occasions. The Queen kept in close contact with the Prime Minister and was regularly briefed on all important national matters, but never publicly weighed in on political debates—nor were any final decisions up to her.

As the Royal Family has shed most of its political powers, Queen Elizabeth and her children instead emphasized their roles in various charitable organizations—the Queen was the titular “patron” of over 600 charities. However, this role mostly draws attention to the causes. Her presence during some of the great crises in recent British history, including the COVID-19 pandemic, drew praise.

As Britain's global empire crumbled in the wake of World War II, a number of its formal colonies declared independence but chose to enter the Commonwealth of Nations, of which Queen Elizabeth remained the figurehead. Citizens of Australia, Canada and many island nations across the world considered themselves subjects of Queen Elizabeth, who famously toured 13 of these “Commonwealth realms” in 1953. Elizabeth appears on the currency of many of these nations (though is expected to change to feature King Charles III) and her visits were usually a cause for celebration, but her duties there, as in her home country, were entirely ceremonial.